By the time of the Roman invasion in 43 CE, England was home to several distinct Celtic tribes. Some of the most well-known tribes in England included:

1. The Trinovantes: Located in the southeast, they were one of the first tribes to encounter the Romans.

2. The Catuvellauni: This tribe occupied much of southern England and was a significant power in pre-Roman Britain.

3. The Iceni: Based in what is now East Anglia, they famously rebelled against Roman rule under their queen, Boudica, in 60-61 CE.

4. The Atrebates: Located in the south, they were an important tribe in the pre-Roman era and interacted closely with the Romans.

5. The Brigantes: Occupying much of northern England, they were one of the largest Celtic tribes in Britain.

These tribes often fought amongst themselves but also cooperated in certain instances, especially when dealing with outside threats. For example, some tribes joined forces against the Roman invaders.

Celtic Culture and Society

The Celts in England shared many cultural and social elements, but there were regional variations. Key elements of Celtic life in England included:

1. Language

Celtic languages are divided into two primary branches: Goidelic (or Gaelic) and Brythonic. In England, the Brythonic Celtic language was predominantly spoken. This language evolved into what we now refer to as Old Welsh, Cornish, and Breton (the language of modern-day Brittany in France). The influence of Celtic languages can still be seen today, especially in place names across the UK.

2. Religion

Celtic religion was polytheistic, with a belief in many gods and goddesses who governed natural elements and aspects of life. Druids, the priests of the Celtic religion, played an essential role in both religious and legal matters. Sacred groves, hilltops, and rivers were places of worship, and the Celts practiced rituals that involved sacrifices and offerings to the gods.

3. Art and Craft

Celtic art is renowned for its intricate designs, including spirals, knots, and geometric patterns. These designs were featured on everything from pottery to weapons, clothing, and even tattoos. The Celts were also skilled metalworkers, particularly in iron and gold, and produced finely crafted weapons, jewelry, and ceremonial items.

4. Social Structure

Celtic society was hierarchical, with kings and chieftains at the top. Below them were warriors, artisans, and farmers. Slaves, often prisoners of war, made up the lowest class. The Celts valued warrior culture and honor, and military prowess was an important aspect of their social fabric. Women in Celtic society, especially in tribes such as the Iceni, had more freedom and influence compared to other ancient societies, as evidenced by figures like Queen Boudica. shutdown123